The classic mono-hierarchical theory of bureaucracy elucidated by Max Weber, in which each subordinate unit is responsible to one superior unit, has long been a thing of the past. Parallel structures, task forces and project teams, joined across organiza

The classic mono-hierarchical theory of bureaucracy elucidated by Max Weber, in which each subordinate unit is responsible to one superior unit, has long been a thing of the past. Parallel structures, task forces and project teams, joined across organizations by broken-line horizontal linkages, exercising consensus management and collegial relationships, now compete openly for power with the traditional, vertical, solid-line hierarchical authorities, and these new 'structures' all create and often maintain records.