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In January 2013, SAA responded to the Copyright Office’s Notice of Inquiry Concerning Orphan Works and Mass Digitization [1]. SAA noted that any solution to the orphan works problem must:
SAA will, via its Intellectual Property Working Group, monitor and recommend appropriate actions on orphan works issues, both nationally and internationally.
Archival holdings consist almost entirely of unpublished works that were not created for commercial purposes. Among them are many orphan works of great research value. Users of archives wish to use such works in a wide variety of projects, and archival repositories wish to digitize them and make them available online to enhance their accessibility. But archivists’ fear of uncertainty and doubt surrounding the use of orphan works can lead to the following challenges for archives and their users:
Each of these concerns is discussed in more detail below.
If rights holders cannot be identified or located despite the best efforts of the researcher or the archives, research and digitization projects can be stymied. In theory, the limited damages available for unauthorized use of unregistered works should not serve as an impediment to their use. In practice, however, projects often are changed or abandoned due to fears that 1) some of the material may have been published and registered and hence is subject to the draconian penalties in copyright law or 2) rights holders might surface and complain. In addition, few archival repositories are willing to ignore possibly applicable laws just because the risks involved in doing so are small. As a result, an archives might digitize only a portion of an archival collection, which compromises its integrity by presenting an incomplete picture. Consequently valuable cultural heritage remains hidden and is not available to serve the interests of society in furthering the growth of knowledge and culture.
Documented research has revealed that the cost of the investigation required to identify and locate rights holders of non-commercial unpublished orphan works is inordinately high[2]. What constitutes a “good faith, reasonably diligent”[3] search? The heterogeneous nature of archival holdings means that there is no single strategy to identify or locate rights holders. As the search continues beyond the most likely sources, further sources may suggest themselves but such sources are increasingly unlikely to yield results. There is no clear point at which enough research has been done; the next source might reveal the answer. No matter how diligent, the searches for rights holders have rarely borne fruit. Few rights holders have been identified as a result of time-consuming and costly research.
Finally, when they have been located, the owners of copyright in unpublished non-commercial orphan works rarely have any interest in exploiting their works and often grant royalty-free permission to use them. Most unpublished material found in archival repositories lacks sufficient commercial value to justify costly, but largely fruitless, searches.
There have always been works whose copyright owners cannot be identified or located. The problem for published works has been exacerbated by amendments to the Copyright Act that 1) eliminated the requirement for registration and a copyright notice and 2) changed the term of copyright from a fixed term based on the date of publication to one based on the life of the author plus 50 years (lengthened by a further 20 years by the 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act).
The orphan works problem was considered by the Copyright Office in 2006. After consultations with stakeholders, the Office issued a report recommending that users could exploit orphan works only after a “reasonably diligent [unsuccessful] search,” and should a rights holder later emerge, the amount of any penalty would be limited [4]. Legislation to implement these recommendations subsequently was introduced in Congress. Vigorous opposition from those whose works do not typically include rights information (particularly photographers) kept the legislation from passing.
The Copyright Office again considered the issue in 2012 when it issued a discussion document [5] and sought input “regarding the current state of play for orphan works, including … what additional legislative, regulatory, or voluntary solutions deserve deliberation at this time from stakeholders”[6]. SAA’s submission is summarized in this issue brief. The Copyright Office has not yet issued a report on the consultation.
[1] Dooley, Jackie, SAA President, Response by the Society of American Archivists to the Notice of Inquiry Concerning Orphan Works and Mass Digitization, 29 January 2013, online at http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/comments/noi_10222012/Society-American-Archivists.pdf.
[2] Dharma Akmon, “Only with Your Permission: How Rights Holders Respond (or Don’t Respond) to Requests to Display Archival Materials Online,” Archival Science 10 (2010):45-64; Maggie Dickson, "Due Diligence, Futile Effort: Copyright and the Digitization of the Thomas E. Watson Papers," American Archivist, 73:2 (2010): 626-636.
[3] “Recommended Statutory Language,” United States Copyright Office. Report on Orphan Works. Washington, DC, January 2006, http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/orphan-report-full.pdf, 127.
[4] United States Copyright Office. Report on Orphan Works. Washington, DC, January 2006 http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/orphan-report-full.pdf, 8, 93-122.
[5] United States Copyright Office. Legal Issues in Mass Digitization : A Preliminary Analysis and Discussion Document (Washington, DC., 2011), http://www.copyright.gov/docs/massdigitization/
[6] [Notice of inquiry], 77 FR 64560 October 22, 2012, http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2012/77fr64555.pdf.
Approved by the Council: May 2014