Most contemporary records are created, stored, maintained, used, and preserved in digital form. Familiarity with networking, hardware, software, and digital systems in general is fundamental to performing archival functions in the 21st century. Graduates of archival studies programs should understand human/computer interaction (to design and develop effective systems for users), the importance of information standards, and how to evaluate systems and related services effectively. The curriculum could include opportunities to develop skills in database design and management, spreadsheet applications, information architecture, website design and creation, and/or desktop publishing. Also valuable are an understanding of metadata schemas, familiarity with markup languages, and basic programming skills.